Al-Nakba: Ni igiki cabaye mu 1948, kubera iki abanya-Palestina bacita ‘Akaga’?

Umusi nk'uyu, igenekerezo rya 15 Rusama (5) buri mwaka, Abanya-Palestina aho bari kw'isi yose, bama bahimbaza ikizwi nka  al-Nakba, bisigura "akaga". Ni umusi ukurikira ukwikukira kw'igihugu ca Israel.

Ku Banyapalestina n'abandi benshi, al-Nakba ni umusi w'akaga gakomeye muri kahise kabo, ukwamburwa igihugu cabo, ihunga ry'ikivunga, n'intango y'intambara idahera hagati ya Israel na Palestina.

Mu mezi ya nyuma ya 1947 gushika mu ntango za 1949, abanya-Palestina bababa 750.000 bacitse impunzi ku butaka bwagiye kwitwa Israel.

Hafi bose barirukanywe mu vyabo canke barahunga kubera ubwoba bari bafise ku mutekano wabo.

Ku musi wa Al-Nakba bibuka igihe bomorwa ubwa mbere hamwe n’imyaka mirongo, imiriyoni n’imiriyoni z’abanya-Palestina bamaze mu buhungiro.

Ni umusi urimwo ibintu vyinshi kandi icuka kibi cagiye caduka hagati y’Abanyapalestina n’Abanya-Israeli cagiye kivamwo indyane.

None uwo musi waje gute, kubera iki Abanya-Palestina berekana “impfunguruzo z’itahuka” mu guhimbaza uno musi?

Ivuka ry’ikizwi nka Sionisme/Zionism hamwe n'akaguma k’Abarabu

Mu mpera z’ikinjana ca 19, Sionisme yagiye kugaragara nk’umuhari wa poritike ukomeye i Bulaya.

Mu 1896, uwatanguje Sionisme, Theodor Herzl, yavuze ko guha Abayahudi igihugu cabo kwoba ari ukubashumbusha ku rwanko n’ibitero bari bamazemwo ibinjana n’ibinjana i Bulaya.

Mu 1917, Ubwongereza bwari bwigaruriye akarere kari kazwi nka Palestina inyuma y’isenyuka ry’Ingoma ya Ottoman (Empire Ottoman /Ottoman Empire), bwasohoye uwandiko rwa Balfour, ruzwi nka Balfour Declaration.

Muri uru rwandiko, Ubwongereza bwiyemeje gufasha mu “gushinga ubutaka bwegukira Abayahudi hagati muri Palestina”.

Uru rwandiko kandi ruvuga ko ata kintu na kimwe categerezwa gukorwa "kiza kubangamira uburenganzira bwo kubaho n’ukwemera bw’abatari Abayahudi muri Palestina".

Ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vy’abimukira b’Abayahudi bahungiye muri aka karere bahunga itotezwa ryagenda ryiyongera, cane cane mu buko bwa Bulaya.

Mu gihe abimukira b’Abayahudi bagenda biyongera, niko haba ugutana mu mitwe hagati y’Abayahudi n’Abanya-Palestina mu myaka ya 1920 na 1930. Imishamirano ya mbere yahitanye amajana n’amajana ku mpande zompi.

Abimukira b’Abayahudi baguze ubutaka bunini cane ku Barabu. Ariko urwanko rwagiye rwiyongera buke buke, cane cane batanguye kuja kuba muri ubwo butaka bwahavuye bubegukira, maze birukana Abarabu bari basanzwe bahaba.

Mu 1936, Abarabu b’Abanya-Palestina batanguje umugumuko ukomeye uzwi nk’ Umugumuko w’Abarabu (Arab Revolt/ Révolte arabe) wo kurwanya intwaro y’Abongereza – basaba ukwikukira kw’Abarabu be no guhagarika poritike yo kwakira abimukira b’Abayahudi no kugura ubutaka.

Abahinga muri kahise bavuga ko Abarabu barenga 5.000 bishwe, abandi 15.000 barakomereka igihe uno mugumuko uhagarara mu1939.

Abahinga mu vya kahise bavuga kandi ko Abongereza n’Abayahudi bishwe baharurwa mu majana.

Inyuma y’umugumuko w’Abarabu, reta y’Ubwongereza yasohoye urwandiko mu 1939, ruzwi nka White Paper, rwabuza cane abimukira b’Abayahudi kwinjira muri Palestina mu kiringo c’imyaka itanu, rwongera rufata ingingo ko kugira ngo habe abandi bimukira b’Abayahudi binjira muri Palestina bizobanza kwemezwa n’Abarabu.

Ubwongereza kandi bwemeye gushinga igihugu cigenga ca Palestina mu myaka 10 iri imbere, mu gihe bizoba biboneka ko bishoboka – aho Abanya-Palestina n’Abayahudi bazosangira reta - bwongera butegekanya kurangiza ubutegetsi bwabwo muri Palestina.

Nubwo iyi yabonetse nk’intsinzi ku baserukira Abarabu bari mu biganiro, nta mahoro yabonetse kuko haciye hakurikira ugutana mu mitwe hagati y’imirwi ya gisirikare y’Abayahudi n’ingabo z’Ubwongereza.

Mu myaka yakurikiye, Abongereza bahavuye babona ko intwaro yabo idashobora kubandanya kandi ko badashobora kwumvikana n’abaserukira Abarabu canke Abayahudi.

Bari bananiwe no guhagarika abimukira baza ku bwinshi, mbere bamwe batangura kubona ko Ubwongereza bwariko bwicafuza kubera rimwe na rimwe igisirikare cabwo kirwanira mu mazi cagerageje kuzibira amato yuzuye impunzi z’Abayahudi.

Integuro yo kugabura ubutaka

Mu 1947, inyuma y’aho Ubwongereza butangarije ko bwari bugiye kurangiza intwaro yabwo muri Palestina, ibihugu vya ONU vyateye igikumu ku cemezo 181 (Resolution 181).

Iki cemezo casaba ko Palestina igaburwamwo ibihugu bibiri, ic’Abarabu n’ic’Abayahudi, Yeruzalemu/Jerusalem ikaja mu minwe ya ONU.

Nk’uko iki cemezo kibivuga, iyi nteguro yakomorera Abayahudi ibice 55% vy’ubutaka.

Aha hajamwo ibisagara bikuru bikuru bitari bike vya Palestina vyari vyiganziwe n’Abarabu hamwe n’akarere gakomeye ko ku mweha kava ahitwa Haifa gushika Jaffa.

Abarabu bahawe ica gatatu c’umweha hirya mu bumanuko. Ubutegetsi bw’Abarabu ico gihe bwafata ko iri gabura ryabima uburenganzira kw’isi ndimwa nyamukuru no ku bivuko.

Bariyamirije iyi nteguro, bavuga ko yari iy’akarenganyo kandi ko yahonyanga icemezo ca ONU gitanga uburenganzira bwo kwishira n’ukwizana.

Ariko ONU yaremeje iyi nteguro y’igaburwa ry’ubutaka bwa Palestina n’ishingwa ry’igihugu c’Abayahudi n’ic’Abarabu.

Mu mezi y’imbere y’uko Israel itangaza ukwikukira, imirwi y’abarwanyi b’Abarabu yakoze ibitero yongera isambura ibibanza vyari bituwemwo n’Abayahudi, maze imirwi y’abarwanyi b’Abayahudi nabo baca bakora ibitero ku bigwati vy’Abanya-Palestina, ivyatumye abenshi mu banya-Palestina bata bagahunga. Imigumuko yo kwiyamiriza intwaro y’Ubwongereza nayo nyene yariyongereye.

Mu ntango za 1948, abarwanyi b’Abayahudi barongereje ibitero vyabo, bigarurira uturere bari beguriwe, ariko kandi bigarurira n’uturere tutari duke tweguriwe Abarabu.

Intambara ya mbere y’Abarabu na Israel

Ku wa 14 z’ukwa gatanu 1948, intwaro y’Ubwongereza muri Palestina niho yarangira maze Israel ica itangaza intahe yayo yo kwikukira.

Ubwo nyene, ingabo za Syria, Mirisi, Yorodaniya, Libani, Arabia Sawudite na Iraki zaciye zikoranira Israel zirayitera, Misiri na Yorodaniya bikaba ari vyo vyagize uruhara gusumba ibindi vyose.

Israel yaratsinze ibisirikare vy’Abarabu ica yigarurira ubutaka bwari bugenewe Abarabu b’abanya-Palestina muri ya nteguro yo mu 1947 yo kubagaburira ubutaka.

Intambara zarangiye mu kwa mbere 1949, igihe haterwa igikumu ku masezerano yo guhagarika intambara hagati ya Israel na Misiri, mu nyuma hiyongerako Libani, Yorodaniya na Syria.

Ico gihe intambara zirangira, Israel yagenzura hafi ubutaka bwose bwa Palestina.

Yorodaniya yafashe ubutaka mu nyuma bwahavuye bwitwa Cisjordanie/West Bank, Misiri nayo ifata Gaza.

Yeruzalemu yagabuwemwo kubiri, igice kimwe gifatwa n’ingabo za Israel mu burengero, ikindi co mu buko gifatwa n’ingabo za Yorodaniya.

Kubera ata masezerano y’amahoro yigeze aba, imyaka mirongo yakurikiye yabayemwo izindi ntambara.

'Uburenganzira bwo gutahuka (Right of return)'

“Uburenganzira bwo gutahuka” ku butaka bwabo kavukire ni kimwe mu vyo abanya-Palestina basaba kitaratorerwa umuti.

Isekeza ryiswe Uburenganzira bwo gutahuka canke indishi y’akababaro ryaremejwe mu Cemezo 194 c’ikoraniro ry’ishirahamwe ONU, cemejwe ku wa 11 Kigarama (12) 1948.

Rivuga ko “impunzi zishaka gusubira mu vyabo zikabana mu mahoro n’ababanyi zohabwa ubwo burenganzira igihe cose bizoba bishoboka".

Hagati aho, Israel ivuga ko guha abanya-Palestina uburenganzira bwo gutahuka kwoba ari ugufuta ukubaho kwayo nk’igihugu kubera ibitigiri vyabo.

Israel ivuga ko ari ikibazo gishobora gutorerwa umuti biciye gusa mu nzira y’amahoro yo kwemeza uburenganzira bwayo bwo kubaho mu mahoro n’umutekano.

Uno musi, hari abanya-Palestina bababa imiriyoni zitanu bari mu bitabo vya ONU nk’impunzi (aha harimwo impunzi za mbere n’abazikomokako).

Hafi ica gatatu cabo – ni ukuvuga abarenga imiriyoni 1.5 - baba mu makambi 58 y’abanya-Palestina muri Yorodaniya, Libani, Syria, Gaza na Cisjordanie, harimwo ubuko bwa Yeruzalemu.

Impfunguruzo z’itahuka: ‘Ibimenyetso vy’amizero’

Abanya-Palestina bahunze muri iki gihe caranze kahise – igihe gifatwa nka al-Nakba – bagiye batwaye impfunguruzo z’amazu yabo, bazi neza ko bari gusubira mu vyabo bidatevye.

Izo mfunguruzo zama zihanahanwa nk’iragi, kugira zigume zibibutsa amazu yabo batakaje zongere zibe ikimenyetso c’ “uburenganzira bwabo bwo kugaruka”.

Izi mpfunguruzo ziracari ikimenyetso c’amizero n’ukwivyukiranya ku mpunzi z’abanya-Palestina.

Guhimbaza al-Nakba ku mugaragaro

Mu myaka mirongo, Abanya-Palestina babandanya guhimbaza ico bita akaga kateje ihunga ryabo.

Mu 1998, uwari umukuru w’ubutegetsi bwa Palestina Yasser Arafat niho yatangaza ku mugaragaro ko ku wa 15 Rusama (5) ari umusi wo kwibuka.

Mu 2022, ku ncuro ya mbere muri kahise ka ONU, Inama Nkuru yasavye ko uno musi wohimbazwa ku wa 15 Rusama 2023.

Al-Nakba iracari mu buzima bw’Abanya-Palestina.

Abenshi bavuga ko kino kiza co muri kahise kibandanya kugira ikibanza muri ino ntambara imaze imyaka n’imyaka kandi iboneka ko itariko iratorerwa umuti.