Menya Karl Dönitz, iyi ntwazangabo Hitler yagenye ngo imusubirire imbere y'uko yiyahura

Ku wa 01 Rusama (5) 1945, umushikiranganji yari ajejwe kwamamaza Repubulika (Reich) ya Gatatu, Joseph Goebbels, umwe mu bizigirwa ba hafi cane ba Hitler, yarungikiye ubutumwa buhambaye, Amirali (amiral/iral), Karl Dönitz.

Bwari bwanditsweko ngo "ibanga rikomeye" kandi "ryihutirwa", rikaba ryatangura riti: "Führer yarapfuye ejo isaha icenda n'igice z'ijoro".

Nimba iri ryungane ryari riteye ubwoba, irikurikira ryari karanduramutima: "Iragi ryo ku wa 29 Ndamukiza rikugena kuba umukuru w'igihugu".

Amasaha makeya imbere y'uko Hitler, "Führer und Reichskanzler" (canke umukuru w'igihugu akaba n'umukuru wa reta) yiyahura, yari yagenye Dönitz ngo amusubirire nk'umukuru w'igihugu, Goebbels na we akaba ari we arongora reta (chancellor, umushikiranganji wa mbere).

Bwabandanya buti: "Kw'itegeko rya Führer, warungikiwe iragi rivuye i Berlin, wewe na Marechari [Field Marshal] (Ferdinand) Schörner, kugira ngo urizigame kandi uritangaze".

Ryarangiza riti: "Umukuru w'umugambwe wa Nazi, (Martin) Bormann, arategura kugushikira kugira ngo akumenyeshe uko ibintu vyifashe. Igihe n'uburyo uzobishikiriza ibinyamakuru n'ingabo biri mu minwe yawe. Ndakwinginze wemeze ko wavyakiriye".

Hagati aho, Goebbels ntiyarindiriye ko vyemezwa: haciye akanya gato, yaciye yiha isumu n'umuryango wiwe wose mu cumba co mu kuzimu aho na Hitler yiyahuriye.

Ryaba iragi rya Bormann canke rya Hitler, nta na rimwe ryagenze uko ryipfuzwa kuko ingabo z'ibihugu vyari bihanganye na Hitler zari zizwi nka Forces Alliées/Allied forces) zari zamaze gushwara hose, rero nta kanya zatanze ko gushira mu ngiro iri ragi.

Mu buryo atari avyiteze, co kimwe n'abandi benshi, Dönitz ni we yari yikoreye amaherezo y'Ubudagi bw'Abanazi bwari ku mpfiro.

Mu gitabo ciwe yise Memoirs: 10 Years and 20 Days (twogereranya na: Ivyo nibuka: Imyaka 10 n'imisi 20) yanditse mu 1959, yagize ati: "Nta kintu na kimwe nari niteze.

"Kuva ku wa 20 Mukakaro [7] 1944, sinasubiye kuvugana na Hitler na gato, kiretse mu nama rusangi imwe. (…) Nta muntu n'umwe yari bwigere ambwira ikintu na kimwe kuri we".

Kubera iki ari we yagizwe samuragwa?

Kugira ngo utahure igituma Dönitz ari we yagenywe, ni ngombwa kubanza kwishura ikindi kibazo: kubera iki Hitler atahisemwo Hermann Göring canke Heinrich Himmler, babiri mu bategetsi ba mbere kibirengeye mu Budagi bw'Aba-Nazi?

Nkako, Göring, umurwanyi karuhariwe yafashije Hitler gufata ubutegetsi mu 1933 mbere akamwuma inyuma uko intwaro y'Aba-Nazi yagenda ikura, yamaze imyaka ari we samuragwa wa Führer .

Mu 1941 yaranateye igikumu kw'itegeko bwirizwa ryo mw'ibanga ryavuga ko kizigenza wa Luftwaffe (ingabo zarwanira mu kirere) ari we yari kuba umukuru w'igihugu aramutse afashwe canke yishwe.

Ariko ku wa 23 Ndamukiza (4) 1945, igihe ibintu vyose vyariko birasenyuka, Hitler yaronse telegram yamutangaje cane ivuye kwa Göring yari yarokotse agasubira i Berchtesgaden.

Yamubaza nimba yari gufata ubutegetsi mu gihugu cose nimba Hitler agumye mu bunyegero bwiwe i Berlin.

Göring yanditse ati: "Ari nka hamwe ntoronka inyishu gushika isaha zine z'ijoro (22H00), nca mfata ko ata mwidegemvyo uzoba ugifise hanyuma nce nshira mu ngiro itegeko bwirizwa ryawe, hanyuma nkore ku neza y'igihugu cacu n'abanyagihugu bacu".

Yarangije agira ati: "Urazi neza ukungene ndakwiyumvamwo mu buzima bwanje bwose gushika no muri kino gihe kigoye. Sinumva ukungene nobivuga. Imana ikuzigame kandi igufashe ushike hano, nubwo ibintu bimeze uko bimeze".

N'uburakari bwinshi, Hitler yishuye Göring amubwira ko yabaye "igihemu co ku rwego rwo hejuru" kandi ko ari nka hamwe atotanga imihoho yashobora gucirirwa urwo gupfa.

Imbere y'ubucagucagu ku wa 25 Ndamukiza, yaciye apfungwa icamaso.

Uwa kabiri yashobora kuba samuragwa yari Himmler, umukuru w'umugwi w'aba-SS wari uteye ubwoba, yamye ari pfampfe wa Hitler kuva mu ntango, gushika aho ahabwa n'izina ry'ubuhizi "der treue Heinrich" (umwizigirwa Heinrich) inyuma y'imyaka myinshi amukorera atiziganya.

Ariko imisi itanu inyuma y'aho aronkeye iyi telegram ya Göring, Führer yamenye ko yari yagerageje kuja mu biganiro n'ingabo z'ibihugu vyari bihanganye n'Ubudagi mbere akanemerera Jenerali Dwight Eisenhower yari arongoye igisirikare c'ibi bihugu ko ingabo z'Ubudagi mu burengero zari kwishikana.

Hejuru y'ibi, yari amaze igihe atanga amategeko mu kinyegero ata ruhusha abiherewe.

Nk'uko bivugwa n'abamubonye aho yari ari mu cumba co mu kuzimu, Hitler "yaratewe n'uburakari butagira urugero".

Inyuma yo kubona ko abo yari yizigiye bari bishikanye, yaciye ahitamwo Dönitz, yari amaze igihe atari hafi y'ubutegetsi, ariko yubahirwa ukungene yitanga muri iyo ntambara, ukugene yagendera akarangamutima, n'ukugene yiyubaha.

Ubusazi

Nubwo benshi batangajwe n'ukungene ari we yizigiwe, si ukuvuga ko Dönitz atari azwi na gato.

Yaravuzwe cane no mu kinyamakuru Time magazine mu 1942 na 1943 ku kungene yahinduye igisirikare carwanira mu mazi cakoresha amato yari azwi nka "U-boat" akakigira rutikizinganda.

Inkuru yagira kabiri yasigura ivyo ino ntwazangabo yari yarakoze yagira iti: "Ivyo Adolf Hitler atashobora gukora ku butaka mu kuzibira ingabo z'ibihugu vyari vyishize hamwe zariko zisatira imbibe z'uburengero bwa Bulaya, grand-amiral Karl Dönitz, kizigenza w'igisirikare c'Ubudagi kirwanira mu mazi, ntako atagira kugira ngo abikore mu mazi".

Yarakoze ibintu bidasanzwe, ku buryo inyuma y'intambara, Winston Churchill yiyemereye ati: "Ikintu conyene canteye ubwoba vy'ukuri mu gihe c'intambara ni akaga kava ku mato yagendera musi y'amazi".

Akaga kahinguwe na Dönitz.

Yatanguye kwitaho cane gusumba ibijanye n'aya mato y'intambara yari azwi nka U-boats mu gihe c'intambara ya mbere y'isi yose, igihe yari mu gisirikare carwanira mu mazi, cari kizwi nka Imperial German Navy.

Ariko muri uwo muriro, ibintu ntivyamugendeye neza cane.

Amayinga makeya imbere y'uko bamanika amaboko, yakoze igitero ku ngabo z'Ubwongereza hafi y'izinga rya Malte, ariko cagiye kurangira abaye imbohe y'intambara mu Bwongereza, abanje kwigira umusazi ariko bikaba ivy'ubusa.

Inyuma y'imyaka mirongo, niho yabwira Leon Goldensohn, umuhinga mu bijanye n'indwara zo mu mutwe kw'ibohero rya Nuremberg ati: "Nta kintu na kimwe nari nzi ku bijanye n'ubusazi canke ukungene nari gushobora kuvyigana.

"Jewe n'abandi bagenzi babiri twibaza ko vyari gushobora kudufasha mu kurondera ingene twari gutoroka iyo bikagaragara ko twari abasazi.

"Twahisemwo kwigana ubwato bugendera musi y'amazi. Twaguma tuyenzera twunamitse imitwe, tuvuga ngo 'Bzzz, bzzz' kandi dushimika ko twakora mu bwato bugendera musi y'amazi. Abaganga b'Abongereza bari abanyabwenge cane. Nta ntambwe twabateranye".

Icatumye adatezura mu cipfuzo ciwe co kwubaka amato y'intambara ya mbere kw'isi yose muri kahise, nubwo vyari ngombwa ko arenga ku Masezerano ya Versailles yabuza Ubudagi gutunga amato nk'aya, ni uko yemeza ko U-boats zari kuba zarahaye intsinzi Ubudagi mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi yose, kandi akaba yabona ko ari ko vyari gushobora kugenda mu zindi ntambara zo muri kazoza.

Rero, n'imbere y'uko Abanazi bamugena kurongora ingabo za mbere zakoresha aya mato ya U-boats mu 1936, yari amaze kwitegurira gusubira kwubaka igisirikare c'Ubudagi gikoresha U-boats, kandi yari amaze kumenya neza intambwe zose nyamukuru, harimwo n'ibijanye n'ubuhinga be n'ivya nkenerwa.

Ikibiri mu guhasha umwansi (Wolf pack)

Mu ntango y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, Ubudagi bwari bufise amato 50 yagendera musi y'amazi, menshi muri yo akaba yari ayo ku ntera ngufi.

Intambara yagiye kurangira Dönitz ari mu munezero udasanzwe wo kubona ukungene Ubudagi ari bwo bwari bufise amato y'intambara agendera musi y'amazi yari ateye imbere gusumba ayandi yose kw'isi.

Ariko ntivyari bifatiye ku bwinshi gusa.

Dönitz yavuga ko amato yunguruza abantu n'ibintu y'ibihugu bicuditse ari yo ya mbere yategerezwa gukubitwa n'ama U-boats.

Igikorwa co kwunguruza ingabo n'ibikoresho cari kirumara cane, vyumvikana rero ko kwigarurira inzira zo mu mazi cari ikirwanisho kidasanzwe.

Hatangujwe intambara zo mu mazi ku mpande zitari nke, ico Churchill yise Intambara ya Atlantike yabaye urugamba rwa mbere rurerure muri iyo ntambara.

Ubudagi bwakubise amato arenga 3500 y'ibihugu bicuditse, na bwo butakaza U-boats zababa 784 zonyene. Vyose vyavuye ahanini ku buhinga bwa Dönitz.

Yatanguje uwundi mukenyuro w'intambara uzwi nka "wolf pack" (twogereranya na Ikibiri mu guhasha umwansi) aho, mu guhiga amato y'ibihugu bicuditse, ama-U-boats yakorera mu bigwi binini ku buryo amato y'umwansi y'intambara yaherekeza ayandi yaruhira gutsindwa.

Muri ibi bitero, ama U-boats menshi yahwikira amato y'umwansi, mu kuyacucagira ibisasu vyava ku mpande zose, agasubira inyuma ku muvuduko wose.

Mu wundi mukenyuro, umukuru w'iki kibiri yarizizira bumwe mu mato yaba ari ku rugendo kugira ngo asamaze amato y'imperekeza, mu gihe ayandi asigaye yo muri iki kibiri, akenshi yakorera hejuru y'amazi mu gihe c'umwijima yaca yizizira amato y'umwansi adakingiwe.

Ibi bitero vyarihaye inkumbi, ari naho igihe ibintu vyayangara igihe Ubuyapani bwakora igitero ku kirindiro ca Amerika cari kizwi nka Pearl Harbor, amato y'intambara y'Ubudagi yabaye mu co yise "ibihe vy'umunezero".

Iki gihe catanguye muri Nzero (1) 1942 gushika hafi muri Myandagaro (8) uwo mwaka nyene, aho amato y'intambara y'Ubudagi n'ibihugu vyari bicuditse nabwo (Axe/Axis) yasambuye amato 609 n'amatoni imiriyoni 3.1, mu gihe Ubudagi bwobwo bwatakaje U-boats 22 gusa.

Ibihumbi n'ibihumbi vy'abantu barahatikiriye.

Amakuba nyayo yabaye mu ntango za 1943. Ico gihe, Ubwongereza bwariko burakena igitoro, mu gihe U-boats z'Ubudagi nazo zari ziyongereye ziva ku 47 zishika ku 200.

Hagati aho, hahavuye haba impinduka muri iyo ntambara zahaye akabero Ubwongereza.

Hampande y'imikenyuro yo guhangana n'amato y'intambara arwanira musi y'amazi, ibirwanisho bishasha, indege zifise ama-radar ashika kure, hamwe n'ikintu cagizwe ibanga mu myaka irenga 30, izi U-boat harageze igihe zirarubona bikomeye, gushika n'aho Dönitz afata ingingo yo guhagarika ibitero muri Rusama 1943.

Muri uwo mwaka nyene, mu gihe ibintu vyari bitanguye kuba nabi ku Budagi, Dönitz yaciye agenwa kurongora igisirikare c'Ubudagi kirwanira mu mazi.

Gushika ico gihe, yabonana na Hitler gake cane, ariko kuva ico gihe, yama abonana na we incuro nibura zibiri buri kwezi, ari nako icubahiro ciyongera.

Imisi ya nyuma

Ariko rero, Dönitz nta kibanza kinini yagize muri poritike gushika aho yaba Führer wa nyuma wa Repubulika ya gatatu y'Ubudagi, amaze kwakira iyo telegaramu ku wa 1 Rusama (5) 1945.

Mu gitabo ciwe agira ati: "Sinigeze nijijanya imitima ko nategerezwa kwemera aya mabanga.

"Naratahura (...) ko igihe c'umwijima mu buzima bw'umurwanyi uwo ari we wese, ca gihe c'aho ategerezwa kumanika amaboko ataco asavye, cariko kiregereza".

Yongerako ati: "Naratahura ko izina ryanje ryari kwegekwako iki kintu, kandi ko urwanko n'ububeshi vyashobora guhumanya icubahiro canje.

"Ariko inshingano zanje zantegeka kutavyitaho. Intego yanje yari iyisanzwe: kugerageza kurokora ubuzima bw'abantu benshi uko nshoboye kwose".

Kw'isaha zine n'iminota 26 z'ijoro (22h26), kuri Radio Hamburg, Dönitz yatangaje ati: "Bashingantahe, bapfasoni, mwebwe ngabo z'igisirikare c'Ubudagi: Führer wacu, Adolf Hitler, yapfuye. Mu mubabaro mwinshi n'icubahiro, abanyagihugu b'Ubudagi bamwunamire".

Yatangaje ko yari yagenywe kumusubirira kandi ko yari yemeye "amabanga yo kurongora Abadagi muri iki gihe kigoye".

Mu vyo yibuka, avuga ko yabona y'uko Hitler yari yamugenye "kuko yashaka gucira inzira iyo intwazangabo mu gisirikare kugira irangize intambara", rero yaciye atangura ibiganiro vyo kwishikana.

Intego yavyo nyamukuru yari iyo gukora kugira ngo abasirikare benshi bashoboka b'Ubudagi bashobore kwishikana ku ngabo z'Uburengero, aho kwishikana ku ngabo z'Abasoviyeti, izo na zo zikaba zari mw'ihorihori riteye ubwoba ku mbohe z'intambara.

Mu ndwi ya mbere ya Rusama, vyavugwa ko abasirikare imiriyoni 1.8 bari bashoboye kuva mu turere twari mu minwe y'Abasoviyeti.

Mu gaturuturu ko ku wa 7 Rusama, 1945, intumwa z'Ubudagi zari zirongowe na Dönitz zarashitse ku biro bikuru vya Jenerali Eisenhower i Reims mu Bufaransa, zitera igikumu ku rwandiko rwo kumanika amaboko.

Joseph Stalin yari arongoye Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti yashimangiye ko haba ibindi birori vyo gusinya ku rwandiko rwo kumanika amaboko i Berlin, ivyabaye mu gatondo ko ku wa 9 Rusama.

Vyagiye kurangira Dönitz ahagaritswe n'ingabo zari zishize hamwe ku wa 23 Rusama.

"Agahomerabunwa" muri urwo rubanza

Igihe yari mw'ibohero ryo mu gisagara ca Nuremberg mu Budagi, ari naho imanza z'abahoze ari abategetsi b'Aba-Nazi zacirirwa, Dönitz yanzuye ko igenwa ryiwe nk'umusubirizi wa Hitler ryatumwe n'uko "ari we mutegetsi wenyene yari akiri muzima atari afise umutahe wo guhagarikwa canke wo kwicwa".

Ati: "Ni vyo ko abategetsi ba gisirikare bari bakiri bazima, ariko zaba ingabo zirwanira mu mazi canke mu kirere, nta n'umwe yabumviriza. Ibi vyatumye bangena kuko bibaza ko nari kubashikana ku mahoro vyoroshe".

Yongerako ati: "Nabikoze vuba bishoboka kwose, ariko raba Abanyamerika bashaka kunyica kubera gusa ko nasubiriye Hitler. Ivyo bisa n'urwenya rw'agahomerabunwa rwabo".

Yabwiye Goldensohn ko "ahari igipfungu kinini muri uru rubanza ari uko rudashiramwo aba bagabo babiri bakoze ivyaha, aba nabo bakaba ari Hitler na Himmler".

Muri urwo rubanza atatahura ivyarwo, we yabona ko yakoze ibitandukanye neza na neza n'ivyo Führer yari yamwishimiye yashaka.

Ati: "Nari niyumviriye ko yashaka ko nja mu biganiro vy'amahoro: Nagiye kumenya ko atari vyo yashaka mu rushana rwa 1945-1946 i Nuremberg, numvirije ku ncuro ya mbere ivyari mu butumwa bwa Hitler".

Ico gihe niho yamenya ko mu butumwa bwiwe bwa poritike, Hitler yari yateye akamo Abadagi ko "batohirahira ngo bahagarike kurwana, ahubwo ko bobandanya kurwanya umwansi w'amavukiro yacu, aho yoba ari hose".

Nkako, amajambo y'igice gikurikirwa n'ikimugena nk'umusubirizi avuga ati: "Mu ntumbero yo guha abanyagihugu b'Ubudagi reta igizwe n'abagabo b'ijunja, reta izoshira mu ngiro igikorwa yiyemeje co kubandanya intambara mu buryo bwose, ngenye aba bakurikira mu nama nshikiranganji nshasha nk'abarongozi bashasha b'igihugu".

Dönitz yisiguye ku vyo yagirizwa avuga ko atigeze aba umunyaporitike, ahubwo ko yari umukozi yubaha gusa.

Yavuze ko atari azi amabi y'ihonyabwoko ryakorewe Abayahudi (Holocaust), nubwo mu nyuma yemeye mu mpisho ko yari azi ivy'amakambi y'ubwicanyi kuva mu 1934.

Yaciriwe umunyororo w'imyaka 10, igihano coroshe gusumba ibindi vyose vyahawe abatashoboye kwambikwa izera, gishobora no kuba icemezo ca sentare cateje impari.

Abenshi mu gisirikare c'ibihugu vyari bicuditse bamufata nk'intwazangabo y'icubahiro atari akwiye igihano nk'ico; mu gihe abandi nabo bavuga ko igihano yahawe cari coroshe uravye urugero rw'ivyasambutse hamwe n'abishwe n'igisirikare c'Ubudagi carwanira mu mazi.

Umwidegemvyo

Dönitz ntiyigeze yicuza ku vyiyumviro vyiwe vy'Aba-Nazi mu buzima bwiwe yari asigaje.

Aho yari ari mw'ibohero rya Spandau i Berlin, yariyamamaje mu matora y'umukuru w'igihugu c'Ubudagi bw'Uburengero mu 1954, ariko nta ntambwe yateye.

Yarekuwe mu 1956 aca afata ikiruhuko c'izabukuru, ku mahera ya reta, aja mu gisagara gitoyi c'i Aumühle mu Budagi bwo mu Burengero.

Yanditse ibitabo bibiri atanga n'ibiganiro bike vyo gutunganya amakuru ajanye n'iyi ntambara.

Imyaka itandatu imbere y'uko apfa, mu 1980 afise imyaka 89, ni ho yamenye ko ikintu yigeze kwikeka mu gihe c'intambara cari ic'ukuri.

Igihe ama U-boat yiwe yatangura gusamburwa agasakisaki mu 1943, yaribajije nimba amamashini karuhariwe y'Aba-Nazi yari azwi nka Enigma yakoreshwa mw'itumatumanako rifobetse atoba yari yarahinyutse.

Yabonye ko bitari gushoboka: iyi mashini yari ifise indome z'uruvangatirane (combinaisons) zirenga imiriyaridi 150.000, ibi bikaba vyatuma umwansi adashobora kwinjirira canke gutora amakuru yahanahanwa hagati y'ingabo z'Ubudagi, na cane cane mu gisirikare carwanira mu mazi cakoresha amato ya U-boat.

Ariko mu 1974 vyahavuye bigaragara ko umurwi w'abahinga b'Abongereza bari barongowe na Alan Turing wari washoboye kwinjirira iyi mashini.

Ibi vyahinduye amaherezo y'iyi ntambara yari yabayemwo.

Ico gihe yagize ati: "Ubu abahinga mu vya kahise ni ngombwa ko basubiramwo ivyanditswe kuri ino ntambara".